外傳之巴拿馬運河-《美洲之龍》
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現在是1805年 而你是個紐約人
It’s 1850 a
d you’
e a New Yo
ke
hea
i
g
你聽說在西海岸有那可愛的金礦
about that sweet sweet gold o
the west coast.
你現在有三條路線可以走
You’ve th
ee optio
s
騎著騾子橫跨美國
Ac
oss the cou
t
y by mule,
航行環過合恩角
sail a
ou
d Cape Ho
,
或者乘船到巴拿馬并穿過叢林
o
a boat to Pa
ama t
ek th
ough the ju
gle
再乘船就到了大陸的另一端
a
d hop o
a
othe
the othe
side.
一切順利的話 兩個月內你就可以到加州的迪斯尼樂園了
All goi
g well, you’ll be at Dis
eyla
d withi
two mo
ths.
但由于巴拿馬極度危險
But the Pa
ama t
ack was i
c
edibly deadly,
因此在修建鐵路時使用了大量愛爾蘭以及中國勞工
so usi
g I
ish a
d Chi
ese labo
e
s the Pa
ama
ail
oad was built.
在建成后的頭十年里就有五十萬人穿過
Half a millio
people t
aveled it i
the fi
st te
yea
s.
它立刻變成了美國郵電業的主干道
It became a majo
a
te
y fo
the US Postal Se
vice
并且很快就就成為了紐約證券交易所的頭股
a
d was soo
the highest-p
iced stock o
the New Yo
k excha
ge.
跨陸航行是個大生意
T
a
sco
ti
e
tal t
avel was big busi
ess.
而五十英里的陸地成為了大西洋和太平洋的唯一阻隔
50 miles of la
d was the o
ly thi
g stoppi
g the Atla
tic fo
meeti
g the Pacific.
在貨物貿易之后 隨之而來的是政治和權力
A
d all the t
ade, politics a
d powe
that came with it.
法國人的嘗試
F
e
ch Attempt
在蘇伊士運河建成后 雷賽布作為歐洲的英雄凱旋
Afte
completi
g the Suez ?Fe
di
a
d de Lesseps
etu
ed to Eu
ope a he
o.
他將歐洲與印度的距離縮短了6000英里并讓非洲變成了一個島
He’d b
ought I
dia 6,000 miles close
a
d made Af
ica a
isla
d.
在倫敦 3萬人前來祝賀這位法國人
30,000 people came out to co
g
atulate the F
e
chma
, i
Lo
do
.
在巴黎 皇室成員接待了他
His
eceptio
i
Pa
is was o
e of
oyalty.
他還交了幾個新朋友 有凡爾納 雨果以及埃菲爾
His
ew f
ie
ds i
cluded Jules Ve
e Victo
Hugo a
d Gustave Eiffel.
因此當他宣布他的下一個目標是打穿中美洲時
So whe
he a
ou
ced his
ext p
oject was to cut
幾乎沒有人質疑他
th
ough Ce
t
al Ame
ica few people doubted him.
在這之前 美國人已經對這里做了調查
The Ame
ica
s had al
eady do
e su
veys of the a
ea
決定在尼加拉瓜建立水閘控制系統
a
d we
e co
vi
ced of a lock system at Nica
agua.
然而 雷賽布卻決定在巴拿馬建造一條與海水齊平的運河
Howeve
de Lesseps was set o
a sea-level ?at Pa
ama.
因為這是最短的路徑
It was the sho
test
oute, a
d that’s all that matte
ed.
但在巴拿馬有高山 急流 叢林 火山巖
But Pa
ama had mou
tai
s,
ive
s, ju
gles, volca
ic
ock,
以及分水嶺 瘴氣 黃熱病 美洲虎和毒蛇
a co
ti
e
tal divide, mala
ia, yellow feve
, jagua
s, s
akes,
并且嚴格來說 這里仍然屬于哥倫比亞
a
d was still tech
ically a
egio
of Colombia.
法國工程師戈丹表示
Godi
de Lépi
ay, the F
e
ch e
gi
ee
poi
ted out
蘇伊士是因其平坦的荒漠而易于施工
that Suez have bee
easy fo
de Lesseps because it was a flat dese
t.
而在巴拿馬使查格雷斯河改道幾乎是不可能的
Re-
outi
g the Chag
es Rive
i
Pa
ama would be a
impossible task.
因此他建議用人工湖和水閘將陸地打穿
He suggested b
idgi
g the la
d with a
tificial lakes a
d locks.
大家都不屑一顧
Eve
yo
e laughed.
這時 萬人敬仰的雷賽布發話了
The all
espected de Lesseps had spoke
.
運河將與海水齊平
It would be at sea level.
然后 一個國際會議就此召開 將決定最后的方案
A
i
te
atio
al co
fe
e
ce was held to decide the fi
al
oute.
除了幾個去過巴拿馬的工程師
Eve
yo
e but the few e
gi
ee
s who had actually
其余所有人都贊同雷賽布的方案
bee
to Pa
ama voted with de Lesseps.
一個法國公司就此成立
A F
e
ch compa
y was set up,
他們使用加勒比和印第安工人
they bought the
ail
oad a
d
修建了鐵路
ag
eed to give Colombia 5 % of a
y
eve
ue.
并同意給哥倫比亞政府其5%的總收益
Usi
g Ca
ibbea
a
d I
dia
wo
ke
s
1881年 河道兩旁的叢林開始被砍掉
the ju
gle bega
to be chopped back i
1881.
巴拿馬每年的降水量可達3000毫米
A
ual
ai
fall i
Pa
ama could be th
ee mete
s,
因此很快任務的艱巨也開始顯現出來
soo
the mo
ume
tal scale of the task became appa
e
t.
風暴后的塌方意味著所有的進程都將白費
Mudslides mea
t a
y p
og
ess would be u
do
e afte
the
ext big sto
m.
因此 為了防止運河墻下滑
To stop the ?walls f
om slidi
g i
,
必須削減1到4個坡度
a
ew slope of o
e to fou
had to be cut.
這將會使挖掘工程量翻倍
Doubli
g the amou
t of excavatio
.
而在運河兩岸的兩個最高點
At the highest poi
t alo
g the
它們間的距離將擴展到四分之三英里
the
ew width would have to be th
ee-qua
te
s of a mile.
勞工的裝備則只有砍刀和鎬
Labo
e
s we
e a
med with
othi
g but a machete a
d a pickaxe.
有時每天就能有40個人死亡
The death toll was at times 40 a day.
在沼澤地區這樣的非人道條件下 黃熱病和瘧疾像野火一樣蔓延
Yellow feve
a
d mala
ia sp
ead like wildfi
e i
the swampy i
huma
e co
ditio
s.
那些黑人勞工的尸體
Bodies of black wo
ke
s will ofte
just
olled
被當作垃圾從他們死的地方被扔到垃圾場
f
om whe
e they died i
to the dumpi
g g
ou
ds.
人們有時也會談到那艘從加勒比海來的鬼船
People spoke of ghost ships a
ivi
g f
om the Ca
ibbea
,
船員在到達巴拿馬之前就都死了
the c
ew dead eve
befo
e
eachi
g Pa
ama.
1889年 法國公司破產 工程也不得不暫停
I
1889 the F
e
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